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Before we start - why did C++ create templates?

Russian phonetic keyboard win 10. Templates were created because we needed containers that could safely containa multitude of different objects.

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Now, we realize that templates are turing-complete, and that it can be used fora whole new type of programming called template meta-programming,which basically means a program that runs during compilation and finishes whencompilation ends.

Containers are just a small part of templates now. There are some nice uses likefor_each, find, and merge.

Avoid Code Bloat via Refactoring Template Functions

In contrast, inheritance is explicit interfaces and run-time polymorphism.

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Why is inheritance explicit while templates are implicit?

Suppose we have the following:

Well, we’re not saying much about the specific type T. However,we are implicitly defining its interface because we need these followingoperations:

size() function.
!= comparison operator with global_foo.
T(const T& t) copy constructor.
normalize() function.
swap(T& t) function.

This is the implicit interface because we’re not specifying anythingbeforehand. Templates will deduce it for us.

Some people like to call it “duck typing”.

To make sure these calls succeed, we will create templates during compilation.The templates then create multiple copies of this function, allowing differenttypes to be inserted. This is compile time polymorphism.

However, the requirements on these functions are lax. You don’t need global_foo to be of type T, ifoperator!=(const T& lhs, const U& rhs) exists. Similarly, if global_foo is of type Vand can be implicitly casted into U.

There is actually no difference above. This is a legacy feature added by Bjarne Stroustrup.

These two are exactly the same, but Scott Meyers suggests typename to suggestit doesn’t have to be a custom class name.

However, it is used specifically in 1 obscure situation:

Does the above mean we have a static member in C, and we are multiplying with x,or does it mean that we are declaring a const_iterator pointer called x?

According to C++ standards, any nested dependent name is assumed a variable UNLESSit’s in a list of base classes(for inheritance) or a base class identifier in initializer lists. C::const_iterator is a nested dependent name because it depends on the template type C.

If it’s assumed a variable then we can’t declare a pointer here! We would be multiplying.

To fix it, we use typename:

A real life common use of this is to get a value pointed to by some iterator. This iscalled std::iterator_traits. For a specific type of iterator, we would need:

We don’t want to type this, so we can typedef it:

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There’s a big issue about this: You cannot call base class methods in which the base class is a template!

Why? The core of the problem is template specialization:

Suppose we have a class:

Why can’t we find it? It’s clearly inherited, right?

The reason is because we can have template specialization:

What if we were to instantiate Bar<SpecialObj>? Where would the bar(SpecialObj t) function go?

That’s right! It was never defined! Our specialization really fucked us here.

The compiler may be too fearful, so we can subvert its warning by doing this:

or this:

This is actually pretty cool, because it resembles Eigen’s syntax:

This seems all nice and good, but what if we did:

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Wow, so for each n, we need the same function signature being repeated? That is a lot of code bloat!

We can refactor it like:

We would be making a ton of copies here, yes, but each copy is like, a single line of code! That’s perfect for us.

Note: Notice how we did private inheritance. This is because we don’t want to expose any internal details about the base, and this isn’t an is-a paradigm, more like is-implemented-in-terms-of.

Seems good so far, except the SquareMatrixBase base class doesn’t know what data to operate on.

We can either pass in the matrix object(1), or we can bind the object to the base class’s ptr(2):

Very important: Make sure invert is not inline though! If it’s inline, then all of our work has gone to waste, since it will be copied into wherever it’s called and we’ll get humongous code bloat.

Pros for Code Bloat

Will run faster(compile-time constants can be propagated through code, machine code uses literals)

Cons for Code Bloat

It’s code bloat.

For example, smart pointers should allow explicit conversion, like in polymorphism:

By default, there’s no clear conversion between DumbPtr<Base> and DumbPtr<Derived>.

We should add it. This is how std::shared_ptr does it:

This is nice and all, but beware - if you’re generating generic fns for copy constructors or assignment operations, you’re not going to automatically make one for the default.

Therefore, if you want something special to happen for your copy constructor(non templatized), then you need to define them too:

If we wanted to multiply 2 Rational<T>’s together, how do we define the operator*?

We don’t want it to be inside of the object. We want it to be a function outside:

This works if we don’t have templates, but it doesn’t work because of the <T>.

Why does it not wor

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